Helen Pitts Douglass, Wife of Frederick Douglass

Born Helen Pitts (1838 - 1903), Helen Pitts Douglass was a suffragist and abolitionist in the 19th century. She is best known for marrying politician and abolitionist reformer Frederick Douglass, an interracial marriage considered surprising and scandalous at the time. Fast Facts: Helen Pitts Douglass Full Name:  Helen Pitts DouglassOccupation: Suffragist, reformer, and abolitionistBorn: 1838 in Honeoye, New YorkDied: 1903 in Washington, D.C.Known For: A white woman who married the mixed-race abolition leader Frederick Douglass, Helen Pitts Douglass was an advocate in her own right and pushed for abolition, suffrage, and her husbands legacy.Spouse: Frederick Douglass (m. 1884-1895) Early Life and Work Helen Pitts was born and raised in the small town of Honeoye, New York.  Her parents, Gideon and Jane Pitts, had abolitionist views and participated in anti-slavery work. She was the oldest of five children, and her ancestors included Priscilla Alden and John Alden, who had come to New England on the Mayflower. She was also a distant cousin of President John Adams and of President John Quincy Adams. Helen Pitts attended a female seminary Methodist seminary in nearby Lima, New York.  She then attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, founded by Mary Lyon in 1837, and graduated in 1859. A teacher, she taught at the Hampton Institute in Virginia, a school founded after the Civil War for the education of freedmen.  In poor health, and after a conflict in which she accused some local residents of harassing students, she moved back to the family home at Honeoye. In 1880, Helen Pitts moved to Washington, DC, to live with her uncle.  She worked with Caroline Winslow on The Alpha, a women’s rights publication, and began to be more outspoke in the suffrage movement. Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass, the well-known abolitionist and civil rights leader and ex-slave, had attended and spoke at the 1848 Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention. He was an acquaintance of Helen Pitts’ father, whose home had been part of the pre-Civil War Underground Railroad.  In 1872 Douglass had been nominated – without his knowledge or consent – as the vice presidential candidate of the Equal Rights Party, with Victoria Woodhull nominated for president. Less than a month later, his home in Rochester burned down, possibly the result of arson.  Douglass moved his family, including his wife, Anna Murray Washington, from Rochester, NY, to Washington, DC. In 1881, President James A. Garfield appointed Douglass as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia. Helen Pitts, living next door to Douglass, was hired by Douglass as a clerk in that office. He was often traveling and was also working on his autobiography; Helen Pitts helped him in that work. In August, 1882, Anne Murray Douglass died.  She had been ill for some time.  Douglass fell into a deep depression.  He began to work with Ida B. Wells on anti-lynching activism. Married Life On January 24, 1884, Frederick Douglass and Helen Pitts were married in a small ceremony officiated by the Rev. Francis J. Grimkà ©, at his home. Grimkà ©, a leading black minister of Washington, had also been born into slavery, also with a white father and a black slave mother. His father’s sisters, the famous women’s rights and abolitionist reformers Sarah Grimkà © and Angelina Grimkà ©, had taken in Francis and his brother Archibald when they discovered the existence of these mixed-race nephews, and had seen to their education.  The marriage seems to have taken their friends and families by surprise. The notice in the New York Times (January 25, 1884) highlighted what were likely to be seen as the scandalous details of the marriage: â€Å"Washington, January 24. Frederick Douglass, the colored leader, was married in this city this evening to Miss Helen M. Pitts, a white woman, formerly of Avon, N.Y.  The wedding, which took place at the house of Dr. Grimkà ©, of the Presbyterian church, was private, only two witnesses being present. The first wife of Mr. Douglass, who was a colored woman, died about a year ago. The woman he married to-day is about 35 years of age, and was employed as a copyist in his office. Mr. Douglass himself is about 73 years of age and has daughters as old as his present wife.† Helen’s parents opposed the marriage because of Douglasss mixed-race heritage (he was born to a black mother but a white father), and stopped speaking to her.  Frederick’s children were also opposed, believing it dishonored his marriage to their mother. (Douglass had five children with his first wife; one, Annie, died at age 10 in 1860.) Others, both white and black, expressed opposition and even outrage at the marriage. However, they had support from some corners.  Elizabeth Cady Stanton, longtime friend of Douglass though at a key point a political opponent over the priority of women’s rights and black men’s rights, was among the defenders of the marriage.  Douglass responded with some humor, and was quoted as saying â€Å"This proves I am impartial. My first wife was the color of my mother and the second, the color of my father.†Ã‚  He also wrote, â€Å"People who had remained silent over the unlawful relations of white slave masters with their colored slave women loudly condemned me for marrying a wife a few shades lighter than myself. They would have had no objection to my marrying a person much darker in complexion than myself, but to marry one much lighter, and of the complexion of my father rather than of that of my mother, was, in the popular eye, a shocking offense, and one for which I was to be ostracized by white and black alike.† Helen was not the first relationship Douglass had had aside from his first wife. Beginning in 1857, Douglass had carried out an intimate relationship with Ottilie Assing, a writer who was a German Jewish immigrant. Assing apparently thought he would marry her, especially after the Civil War, and believed that his marriage to Anna was no longer meaningful to him. She left for Europe in 1876, and was disappointed that he never joined her there.  The August after he married Helen Pitts, she, apparently suffering from breast cancer, committed suicide in Paris, leaving money in her will to be delivered to him twice a year as long as he lived. Frederick Douglass’ Later Work and Travels From 1886 to 1887, Helen and Frederick Douglass traveled together to Europe and Egypt.  They returned to Washington, then from 1889 to 1891, Frederick Douglass served as the US minister to Haiti, and Helen lived with him there.  He resigned in 1891, and in 1892 to 1894, he traveled extensively, speaking against lynching.   In 1892, he began to work on establishing housing in Baltimore for black renters. The following year, Douglass was the only African American official (as a commissioner for Haiti) at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.  Radical to the end, he was asked in 1895 by a young man of color for advice, and he offered this: â€Å"Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!† Douglass returned to Washington from a lecture tour in February 1895 despite declining health. He attended a meeting of the National Council of Women on February 20, and spoke to a standing ovation. On returning home, he had a stroke and heart attack, and died that day. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the eulogy which Susan B. Anthony delivered. He was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, New York. Working to Memorialize Frederick Douglass After Douglass died, his will leaving Cedar Hill to Helen was ruled invalid, because it lacked enough witness signatures.  Douglass’ children wished to sell the estate, but Helen wanted it as a memorial to Frederick Douglass.  She worked to raise funds to establish it as a memorial, with the help of African American women including Hallie Quinn Brown. Helen Pitts Douglass lectured her husbands  history to bring in funds and raise public interest.  She was able to buy the house and adjoining acres, though it was heavily mortgaged. She also worked to have a bill passed that would incorporate the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association. The bill, as originally written, would have had Douglass’ remains moved from Mount Hope Cemetery to Cedar Hill. Douglass’ youngest son, Charles R. Douglass, protested, citing his fathers wish to be buried at Mount Hope - and insulting Helen as a mere companion for Douglasss later years as well. Despite this objection, Helen was able to get the bill passed through Congress to establish the memorial association. As a sign of respect, however, Frederick Douglass’ remains were not moved to Cedar Hill; Helen instead was buried at Mount Hope as well in 1903. Helen completed her memorial volume about Frederick Douglass in 1901. Near the end of her life, Helen Douglass became weakened, and was unable to continue her travels and lectures. She enlisted the Rev. Francis Grimkà © in the cause.  He convinced Helen Douglass to agree that if the mortgage had not been paid at her death, the money raised from the property being sold would go to college scholarships in Frederick Douglass’ name. The National Association of Colored Women was able, after Helen Douglass’ death, to purchase the property, and to keep the estate as a memorial, as Helen Douglass had envisioned.  Since 1962, the Frederick Douglass Memorial Home has been under the administration of the National Park Service.  In 1988, it became the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site. Sources Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. 1881.Douglass, Helen Pitts. In Memoriam: Frederick Douglass. 1901.Harper, Michael S. â€Å"The love letters of Helen Pitts.† TriQuarterly. 1997.Marriage of Frederick Douglass. The New York Times, 25 Jan. 1884. https://www.nytimes.com/1884/01/25/archives/marriage-of-frederick-douglass.html

Introducing Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics

<h1> Introducing Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics </h1> <h2> The Characteristics of Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>No matter the amount or sort of research included, factious expositions must set an unmistakable proposition and follow sound thinking. Pick the point you need to look into about in your work. At the point when it has to do with discussing best political theory exposition themes, or some other kind of paper you should initially be able to delineate a significant encounter about the subject in setting. It's conceivable to choose an interesting theme from any region of science. </p> <h2>Finding Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics on the Web </h2> <p>You don't have to discover excessively specialized with legitimate factious papers, yet remember to get your work done on what the current laws about your favored theme really state. At the point when it has to do with c omposing a factious article, the principle matter to do is to choose a subject and a contention which you can truly get behind. It's not adequate to pick a subject which everyone concedes to. Frequently, the absolute best theme is one which you really care about, yet you likewise should get solid and steady to examine it.</p> <h2> Definitions of Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>If you need a paper on this issue you aren't certain about, contact web based composing administration to secure fitting help. In spite of the fact that as an understudy, there isn't any need of delivering confinement dependent on what you've realized as of late. It's workable for you to find astonishing thoughts even essentially using the web. The lack of excellent help sources will end in an abatement grade.</p> <p>Let's consider the segments of your exploration program and the best approach to form an organized framework that will make it feasible for you to start an examination paper as expediently and successfully as could be expected under the circumstances. Generally excellent research paper's models quite often focus on novel proposals to address which will be of an incentive in the territory. </p> <p>The perfect approach to begin is to get an examination layout mock-up. It's essential to choose begging to be proven wrong factious article themes since you need restricting focuses you can counter to your own focuses. Most materials gave to you by your educators in school and many reference books you read to help you with papers you should turn in have been bantered by another person, at some point previously. </p> <h2> What Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics Is - and What it Is Not </h2> <p>After perusing the postulation, there should be no uncertainty definitely what the exploration will be about. Canadian understudies need to manage the very same issue of picking connecting with pugnacious paper themes as the rest of the world. When sometimes, your educator may offer you the freedom of composing a factious article for school regarding the matter of your choice. In any case, he will doubtlessly reveal to you which reference style is b est for your case. </p> <p>Besides, remember that the key to a flourishing pugnacious paper is in finding fitting proof to fortify your conclusion. After you make the article plot, you will get the idea of cases you're probably going to make, at that point start exploring to find enough proof to help them. Another explanation is to see how well understudies contend on particular perspectives and show comprehension of the contemplated subject. The understudy ought to examine a point, assess proof, gather, produce, and set an outlook regarding the matter in an amazing and compact manner. </p> <h2> The Hidden Gem of Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>To absolutely comprehend the political procedure an individual ought to have parcels and huge amounts of comprehension of the manner in which our general public works. On the off chance that you're chipping away at an exploration paper, at that point you see how hard it very well m ay be to start the endeavor. With this much vitality spent on adjusting scholarly and singular obligations it tends to be hard to make new thoughts. You may see that the procedure is for all intents and purposes consistently precisely the same. </p> <p>If you're imagining that you should buy an exploration plot mock-up, at that point you should think about either composing or doing a commented on reference index too. Finishing a MLA blueprint will ensure your exploration paper design is exact. The structure of your paper's layout is actually similar to the structure of your entire exposition. At this point you're likely quick to locate an uncommon contentious paper plot layout. </p>

Introducing Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics

<h1> Introducing Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics </h1> <h2> The Characteristics of Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>No matter the amount or sort of research included, factious expositions must set an unmistakable proposition and follow sound thinking. Pick the point you need to look into about in your work. At the point when it has to do with discussing best political theory exposition themes, or some other kind of paper you should initially be able to delineate a significant encounter about the subject in setting. It's conceivable to choose an interesting theme from any region of science. </p> <h2>Finding Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics on the Web </h2> <p>You don't have to discover excessively specialized with legitimate factious papers, yet remember to get your work done on what the current laws about your favored theme really state. At the point when it has to do with c omposing a factious article, the principle matter to do is to choose a subject and a contention which you can truly get behind. It's not adequate to pick a subject which everyone concedes to. Frequently, the absolute best theme is one which you really care about, yet you likewise should get solid and steady to examine it.</p> <h2> Definitions of Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>If you need a paper on this issue you aren't certain about, contact web based composing administration to secure fitting help. In spite of the fact that as an understudy, there isn't any need of delivering confinement dependent on what you've realized as of late. It's workable for you to find astonishing thoughts even essentially using the web. The lack of excellent help sources will end in an abatement grade.</p> <p>Let's consider the segments of your exploration program and the best approach to form an organized framework that will make it feasible for you to start an examination paper as expediently and successfully as could be expected under the circumstances. Generally excellent research paper's models quite often focus on novel proposals to address which will be of an incentive in the territory. </p> <p>The perfect approach to begin is to get an examination layout mock-up. It's essential to choose begging to be proven wrong factious article themes since you need restricting focuses you can counter to your own focuses. Most materials gave to you by your educators in school and many reference books you read to help you with papers you should turn in have been bantered by another person, at some point previously. </p> <h2> What Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics Is - and What it Is Not </h2> <p>After perusing the postulation, there should be no uncertainty definitely what the exploration will be about. Canadian understudies need to manage the very same issue of picking connecting with pugnacious paper themes as the rest of the world. When sometimes, your educator may offer you the freedom of composing a factious article for school regarding the matter of your choice. In any case, he will doubtlessly reveal to you which reference style is b est for your case. </p> <p>Besides, remember that the key to a flourishing pugnacious paper is in finding fitting proof to fortify your conclusion. After you make the article plot, you will get the idea of cases you're probably going to make, at that point start exploring to find enough proof to help them. Another explanation is to see how well understudies contend on particular perspectives and show comprehension of the contemplated subject. The understudy ought to examine a point, assess proof, gather, produce, and set an outlook regarding the matter in an amazing and compact manner. </p> <h2> The Hidden Gem of Presidential Argumentative Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>To absolutely comprehend the political procedure an individual ought to have parcels and huge amounts of comprehension of the manner in which our general public works. On the off chance that you're chipping away at an exploration paper, at that point you see how hard it very well m ay be to start the endeavor. With this much vitality spent on adjusting scholarly and singular obligations it tends to be hard to make new thoughts. You may see that the procedure is for all intents and purposes consistently precisely the same. </p> <p>If you're imagining that you should buy an exploration plot mock-up, at that point you should think about either composing or doing a commented on reference index too. Finishing a MLA blueprint will ensure your exploration paper design is exact. The structure of your paper's layout is actually similar to the structure of your entire exposition. At this point you're likely quick to locate an uncommon contentious paper plot layout. </p>

Classified Info on How to Review a Research Paper Only the Experts Know About

<h1> Classified Info on How to Review a Research Paper Only the Experts Know About </h1> <p>If you know the standards a commentator will use to pass judgment on your paper, you're in an essentially better spot to tailor your paper with the goal that it has a superior possibility of being acknowledged. Our surveys will furnish you with the understanding into what kind of a paper you may envision, in light of tests and requested papers, so you don't organization from the wrong paper composing administration. Consider the absolute best audit you've gotten, as for directing a paper forward. </p> <p>The presentation should focus on the significant theme. In the first place, verify that you're a specialist in the point and mindful of the ongoing writing regarding the matter you have at the top of the priority list. 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What How to Write a Paper about Yourself Is - and What it Is Not

<h1> What How to Write a Paper about Yourself Is - and What it Is Not </h1> <h2>The New Fuss About How to Write a Paper about Yourself </h2> <p>Yeah, it's a basic way to start your paper, however in any case, it positively isn't captivating. Every now and again, what recognizes an outstanding paper from a simply decent paper is the profundity and high caliber of their clarifications. There are a few sorts of paper sacks offered in the commercial center. Different paper sacks need different types of crude materials which is promptly accessible in the commercial center. </p> <p>There's bottomless interest of reused paper since they are modest. The perfect method to improve your arrival is to deliver the perfect utilization of reused paper and waste paper. From that point onward, make sense of in the event that it permits paper exchanging. 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For the most part the proposition articulation shows up as the past sentence or a few the absolute first, early on section. The introduction is a basic part since it is an outlandish undertaking to begin quickly with the important content. </p>

Analysis Of The Article The Fox News Network - 1327 Words

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Liberal bias is undoubtably an orthodox notion among consumers of mainstream broadcast journalism. For decades, Republicans have repeated a mantra alleging that the media as a whole are biased against their party and their politicians. However, with the rise of conservative talk radio and TV programming, democrats have somewhat embraced this â€Å"bias† thus, digging a deeper void between politically active audiencesRead MoreDish Network External Analysis1354 Words   |  6 PagesDish Network The external analysis of Dish Network shows the TV service providers industry and environmental factors that affect those companies in the industry. The two studies that were used to examine the external factors were PEST Analysis and Michael Porter’s Five Competitive Forces. Through these two studies, Dish Network can have a better understanding of not only their industry factors, but other environmental issues that may cause a need for concern. The first study that we will discussRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Relationships1698 Words   |  7 Pagesobstacle, the negative sides come with users not realizing the extent to which they are consumed with the social media, as well as the dangers adolescents may find themselves when in relationships. The function of self-disclosure on social network sites: Not only intimate, but also positive and entertaining self-disclosures increase the feeling of connection, written by Sonja Utz, collected data for this study to research self disclosure using an online survey. While the study started withRead MoreBefore Dna Testing Existed In Aid Of Crime Solving, Simple899 Words   |  4 Pagessolving, simple logic was used, but since the late 1800s, DNA testing has advanced. DNA analysis is used for comparing samples from a crime scene to a database of possible offenders. Forensic scientists have developed various technologies for analyzing offenders’ DNA, such as the Combined DNA Index System, the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, the National Integrated Ballistics Identification Network, and trace evidence. These systems help investigators by linking â€Å"previously unrelated

Topic Ideas For Your Essay - Topic Ideas For College English

<h1>Topic Ideas For Your Essay - Topic Ideas For College English</h1><p>Essay points for school English are a dubious subject. You need to ensure that you are expounding on points that understudies in the class will be intrigued in.</p><p></p><p>There are a few significant things to remember when you are expounding on subjects. The principal thing you have to recollect is that you don't need to expound on everything that is on the schedule. The educator will likely have recorded that a couple of subjects are a higher priority than others, yet they should just be instances of things that you ought not expound on at all.</p><p></p><p>An significant thing to recollect about exposition themes for school English is that you ought not place an excess of data in. You need to leave space for understudies to get increasingly explicit on the off chance that they need to. Most understudies like to have a story to tell, so composi ng something that is a little longer will as a rule yield great outcomes. One of different things you need to ensure that you do is that your sentences are as clear as possible.</p><p></p><p>If you can think about a subject and not just a circumstance that would happen in that theme, at that point you are doing fine and dandy with paper points for school English. Now and again it will be difficult to think about a subject that way, yet attempt to concoct a circumstance that happens frequently, or something that you may see occurring in genuine life.</p><p></p><p>One significant thing to recollect when you are expounding on themes for school English is that you ought to compose as indicated by what the understudy is probably going to compose. In the event that you are composing an article on history, at that point try not to be telling the understudy that the best state at any point was Germany. Rather, you should concentrate on the rec orded occasions that occurred during that time. Despite the fact that they may not really concur with you, they will no doubt observe it that way.</p><p></p><p>You ought not stress a lot over what your subjects are. You would prefer not to overpower the understudy with subjects or you won't have the option to complete the work. You ought to likewise understand that the school you are taking your English class from doesn't give a great deal of help around there. You can in any case go to an English class without legitimate points for your exposition, yet you may get tossed out of the class for being troublesome or being rude.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies get some information about to what extent it takes to compose a paper. It truly relies upon the topic and your degree of experience. Composing your own articles, even with great point thoughts, can take a ton of time.</p><p></p><p>So when you are searching for acceptable subject thoughts for your exposition, you will find that there are numerous to look over. On the off chance that you can discover a spot where you can talk about a subject that most understudies would be keen on thinking about, at that point you will be well en route to composing an extraordinary essay.</p>

The Philosophies of John Stuart Mill as a Guide for the...

The Philosophies of John Stuart Mill as a Guide for the World Dr. Pests comments: This students term paper is a model of how to apply the philosophical concepts of a previous century to our present society. She showed how the ideas of John Stuart Mill can be used by intelligent people to construct a society with more opportunities for women and to insure respect for intellectual freedom. As the world moves into the twenty-first century, it faces many problems. War, disease, over-population, and starvation are examples of problems that have yet to be solved. However, progress has been made in many areas that aid in the reduction of human misery. Diseases, through research and scientific study, are better understood—many that†¦show more content†¦If people around the world would adopt the philosophy of John Stuart Mill, the world might become a more intelligent, and therefore tolerant, place in which to live. John Stuart Mill espoused beliefs on the subjection of women and theism, which, if embraced by the majority of people in the world, would put a stop to much of the oppression the world, now endures. Mill was a philosopher who took the unusual stance that women should be considered equal to men in all respects and given the same opportunities as men. He had very strong feelings on the subject, and in his essay entitled The Subjection of Women he sta tes, ... the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes--the legal subordination of one sex to the other-4s wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other.1 [1] In this essay Mill admits the difficulty of achieving this, but defends his ideas by showing that the position of authority held by men is not a result of the comparison of several kinds of systems being tried and its having been found to be the best system, but that it is the only system that has ever been tried. As a result, one cannot not use past experience to say that women are incapable of being in positions of authority. In this essay Mill states, In the firstShow MoreRelatedMarx, Mill And Freud s Critique Of Political Economy And The Communist Manifesto Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesmerely implicit) notions of freedom and unfreedom we find in the texts we have read by Marx, Mill and Freud. Use the esoteric traditions we have examined thus far (from the Book of Job to Plato) as a comparative yardstick, or point of reference, but without letting them take over the foreground in your paper -- the latter should be reserved for these three figures. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and John Stuart Mill are three authors who tackle the topic of freedom in unique ways, but their messages areRead MoreTaking a Look at Utilitarianism655 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Living as a utilitarian is more easily expressed than done. Thinking about the betterment of humanity is not something everyone wants to cerebrate or worry about. Ideally, utilitarianism would be prosperous if the view was shared among the world. 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Ida B. Wells Essay Example For Students

Ida B. Wells Essay Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells (1862-1931) was a newspaper editor and journalist who went on to lead the American anti-lynching crusade. Working closely with both African-American community leaders and American suffragists, Wells worked to raise gender issues within the Race Question and race issues within the Woman Question. Wells was born the daughter of slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. During Reconstruction, she was educated at a Missouri Freedmans School, Rust University, and began teaching school at the age of fourteen. In 1884, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where she continued to teach while attending Fisk University during summer sessions. In Tennessee, especially, she was appalled at the poor treatment she and other African-Americans received. After she was forcibly removed from her seat for refusing to move to a colored car on the Chesapeake ; Ohio Railroad, the Tennessee Supreme Court rejected her suit against the railroad for violating her civil rights in 1877. This event and the legal struggle that followed it, however, encouraged Wells to continue to oppose racial injustice toward African-Americans. She took up journalism in addition to school teaching, and in 1891, after she had written several newspaper articles critical of the educational opportunities afforded African-American students, her teaching contract was not renewed. Effectively barred from teaching, she invested her savings in a part-interest in the Memphis Free Speech newspaper. In 1892, Wells wrote a scathing series of editorials following the lynching of three prominent African-American Memphis businessmen, friends of Wellss. In the aftermath of the lynching and her outspoken criticism of it, her newspapers office was sacked. Wells then moved to New York City, where she continued to write editorials and against lynching, which was at an all time high level in the years after Reconstruction. Joining the staff of The New York Age, Wells became a very respected lecturer and organizer for anti-lynching societies made up of men and women of all races. She traveled throughout the U.S. and went to Britain twice to speak about anti-lynching activities. In 1895 Wells married Ferdinand L. Barnett, a Chicago lawyer, public official, and publisher of the Conservator. She settled in Chicago and adopted as her married name Ida Wells-Barnett. After 1895 she limited her activities to Chicago, but she was quite active in Chicagos rapidly growing African-American community. In Chicago she wrote for the Conservator, published an expose of lynching, The Red Record, and organized Chicago women regarding several causes, from anti-lynching to suffrage. From 1898 to 1902, Wells served as secretary of the National Afro-American Council, and in 1910 she founded and became the first president of the Negro Fellowship League. Throughout her life, Wells was militant in her demands for equality and justice for African-Americans, and insisted that the African-American community must win justice through its own efforts. She attended the 1909 meeting of the Niagara Movement, but she would not take part in the less radical National Association for the Advanc ement of Colored People, which grew out of the conference. After a life of organizing and writing, she died in Chicago on March 25, 1931.

Using Financial Statements To Compute Ratios-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Using Financial Statements To Compute Ratios? Answer: Introduction BHP is a pioneer in the resource industry and has its presence in the global arena. It is one of the biggest producers of commodities that have iron ore, copper, coal, etc. Further, it has enhanced its activities to conventional and unconventional oil, coal and gas. It is regarded as the biggest producer of commodities such as iron ore, silver, nickel, etc. The main aim of the company is to own, as well as have an operation on the low-cost assets that are divided by geographical constraint and market. It strives to cater to the need of the customers through its resources and growth. The main aim is to extract oil, gas and other minerals from various locations of Australia (BHP Billiton, 2016). The products of BHP can be traced all around the globe and the major sales can be tracked in Singapore, as well as Houston. The workforce consists of 1, 23,850 employees with other contractors that have its reach to more than 130 destinations (BHP Billiton, 2016). The long-term view of the comp any helps the company to cement a strong position in the market. The operations and movement of the company is a proper indicator of the power and fundamentals of the company and has provided a strong support towards economic growth. BHP Billiton is dual listed and has its headquarters in Australia. The primary or the main listing is on the Australian Stock Exchange. Framework The corporate planning of BHP Billiton is strong enabling the company to meet the challenges that pertain to the external environment and enables to increase the total return. The phase that is starting provides the development of the central case that enables bottom up assessment (BHP Billiton, 2016). The planning process is structured in a manner that enables to elbow many uncertainties that exist globally. Moreover, the framework helps in the structuring of the external factors that contains political, technical and governance. Further, the presence of governance and the compliance process makes it sure that the internal control is assessed and the practices do not suffer (Brealey et. al, 2011). Thereby, the framework is structured in a manner that eliminates the situations that are adverse in nature. Sources of Financing The net debt of BHP Billiton consists of liabilities that bear interest and the in tune to this, the group issued Global bonds that sum to US$ 5 billion and consisted of Senior floating rate notes of value US$500. Further, the group consisted no commercial papers that are supported by credit facilities. In the year 2015, the net financing cash flow enhanced to US$284 that increased sharply from US$8.3 million. The company used a hybrid of multi currency and the lower dividend was paid as per the new structured policies. The main aim of the group is to own, as well operate assets that have large life, low cost, and the new policy that contains diversified by market and geography. The monitoring of the group is due with the aid of gearing ratio, the ratio that can be termed as net debt to net debt in addition to assets. The exposure of the group is present to the interest rate risk on the borrowings that is outstanding and other investments (BHP Billiton, 2016). The management of the i nterest rate risk is done through the strategy of portfolio risk management. The group contains debt that is issued at rates that are fixed in nature. Further, the exposure of the group is even present to the interest rate swaps. The activities of finance comprise of receipts from liabilities that have an interest bearing and other earnings from the debt related tools, liabilities repayment that has an interest bearing tag, the revenue from the ordinary shares, buy back, dividend payment, etc. These are the cash flow from financing activities. Further, the component of equity consists of share capital, reserves, treasury shares and retained earnings. Moreover, the share capital that is issue consisted of shares that were supported by public, preferences and the treasury shares (BHP Billiton, 2016). Capital Structure and Financial ratio The capital structure of any company is denoted through the debt equity ratio, debt ratio, and the equity ratio. In the case of BHP Billiton, it is noted that the proportion of debt is higher in all the five years and has crossed 1 meaning the stress of the debt is high. Further, it indicates that the capital of the company is more concentrated on debt. Hence, a huge outflow of the funds will happen by way of interest. The equity ratio of the company stands below 0.50 which means the company has standard equity balance. Higher the equity ratio the best will be the situation (Davies Crawford, 2012). Overall the capital structure means that more reliance is in debt. Financial ratio As per the computation, it can be commented that the liquidity of the company is strong and hence, BHP Billiton can meet the obligations. The current assets are sufficient to match the current liabilities. Further, both current and quick ratio has increased over the span of five meaning stressing on the strong liquidity position of the company. On the other hand, the gross profit of the company is formidable that indicates the strong control over the cost of sales. However, the net profit margin declined in the current year that is a big alert and negative sign on the part of the management (Horngren, 2013). Rio Tinto Rio Tinto, listed on the ASX is a leading company in the mining field and is completely based on the processing of minerals. It has its presence worldwide and a mining group and mainly emphasizes on mining, as well as processing of mineral resources of the Earth. The goal of the company is to generate high returns that are sustainable in the eyes of the shareholders and hence, establish a portfolio that is efficient in nature. Rio has its presence in more than 35 countries and has a workforce of more than 51,000 people (Rio Tinto, 2016). It has its headquarters in the UK. With a presence on a global scale, the group has efficiency in terms of providing correct expertise. The main achievement of the company is with respect to the sustainable development. The group functions in a manner that is containing long-term benefits for the customers and the society as a whole. Strategic advantages like access to the huge and best quality bauxite make it immensely successful. Trend The position of Rio Tinto stands strong due to the strong balance sheet, assets of world class and containing strong drivers of performance. The talented employees are an asset when it comes to the period of volatility (Rio Tinto, 2016). Along with the strong infrastructure and an emerging economy, the long-term perspective of the industry is strong. The company has strong discipline in terms of capital and has strong tamed the capital expenditure. The capital expenditure was reduced from US$4.7 billion in 2015 to the US $3 billion in 2016. The net debt was decreased considerably from US$13.8 billion to the US $9.6 billion. Framework Rio Tinto is mainly engaged with risk management that is important for the smooth running of the organization. It helps in creation, as well as an increment in the value. The risk structure provides a general idea that the company stresses on leaders for the creation of value by the management of the business. The framework provides a general idea that the risk management is another important aspect on how to create value. It is vital for the smooth functioning of the company (Albrecht et. al, 2011). The importance of identification and management of risk rests with every employee and the leaders in the organization. Finance Sources From the annual report, it is clear that the financial resources or access to the company are not limited or constrained. In 2013, bonds were issued by Rio Tinto. Further, it associated with finance limited that helped in the creation of additional amount that stands at $7.5 billion. Moreover, the group has strong links with the bank and of a bilateral nature. To ensure a strong momentum, Rio issued 1,436,542 shares from treasury and 951 allotments of new shares were done. The purchase by trustees stood at 842000 shares (Rio Tinto, 2016). Further, the registrar purchased 1,089,189 shares so that obligations can be honored. The share capital comprised of reserves retained earnings, and share premium. Also, the financing structure consisted of payment related to dividend from the equity shares, repayment of borrowings, and purchase of interest that appears to be of non-controlling nature. Capital Structure and financial ratio The capital structure of Rio Tinto clearly indicates that it is a debt ridden company as in all the five years the debt equity ratio exceeds 1. This means that the company has an over reliance on debt. The equity ratio projects that the equity is below 0.50 that does not boast a strong picture. Hence, a major chunk of profit will go towards interest payment (Graham Smart, 2012). Financial ratio Going by the computation, it can be commented that Rio Tinto has liquidity as projected by the current and the quick ratio. The current ratio is next to the standard ratio of 2:1 implying a perfect ratio. However, the quick ratio is above 1:1 meaning the funds of the company can be invested elsewhere and income can be generated (Libby et. al, 2011). The gross profit of the company is properly balanced. However, there have been fluctuations in the past five years. However, the net profit margin indicates that the company falters when it comes to the management of expenses. It has fluctuated in all the five years and been negative too. BHP Billiton has higher exposure to Oil and Gas The earnings of Rio is majorly concentrated from the aluminum and iron ore that provides a great contribution to earnings of $1.12 billion and $3.95 billion that was projected in the year 2015 and the total earnings stood at $4.54 billion. It needs to be noted that Rio was linked to operation in copper and coal that led to an inflow of $274 million of segment earnings the previous year. On the other hand, BHP earnings come from the iron ore and have strong fundamentals in coal, as well as copper (BHP, 2016). This indicates that both the companies have a strong concentration on iron ore and even in coal and copper. The presence of energy can be witnessed in the case of BHP while Rio lacks in this regard. The sensitivity of the change in profit to price changes of BHP can be answered through the following. The profit after tax of BHP has increased by $600 million if the crude price will increase by $10 per barrel. In the short-term, the exposure of BHP to energy is inefficient because the crude prices have declined to a considerable extent. Hence, the concentration is one iron ore. Flexibility The balance sheet of both the companies is strong or effective in nature with low cost of production that helps both the companies to cater to the demand of the stakeholders. It enables both these companies to consider the supply that is in excess. Therefore, it can be said that both the companies have strong fundamentals and better results can be attained in this regard (Melville, 2013). Management of Capital When it comes to investors of Rio and BHP it can be said that the investors were dejected owing to the deficit in the capital return. The capital management of BHP is weak and hence, far from attainment of the apex (Northington, 2011). On the other hand, Rio Tinto stresses mainly on the shareholder return. However, the capex of Rio declined at a strong pace as compared to BHP. Strategies of Credit BHP stresses mainly on maintenance of a strong credit rating that is A whereas Rio is ready to forgo one grade of credit rating so that the growth strategies can be executed. Approximately 80% of the Rio earnings is generated through the operations of iron ore and the decline in the prices of iron ore is structural in feature meaning that it does not disturb the momentum of the company (Rio Tinto, 2016). The initiatives of productivity and weakness in the local currency may give support to the company. On the contrary, the prices of shares of BHP are getting swayed by the petroleum product exposure Findings Both the companies are debt ridden and hence heavily rely on debt. Therefore, investment in such companies is prone to risk as the company needs to pay huge interest for the debt undertaken (Lapsley, 2012). The profitability of both the companies has undergone immense change. the fluctuation has happened as it both the companies are under the mineral resource group. The external scenario heavily influences the scenario (Correia al, 2005). If the share price of BHP surges there will be more capital gain to the investors as compared to Rio. The ability to bounce back is more prominent in the case of BHP as it has more strong fundamentals as compared to Rio Tinto. Recommendation The above report signifies that both the companies are into the fierce competition and whenever there is a downfall in the marketing; the market condition of both the countries has plunged. It is, therefore, evident that the market scenario plays a leading role in the progress of the both the company. Going by the overall report, it can be commented that both the companies should not be considered for investment as it is running under huge debt. The ratio analysis is a clear indicator of that. Debt ridden companies are prone to heavy drawbacks and hence, must be avoided. References Albrecht, W, Stice, E Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. BHP Billiton 2016, BHP Billiton Annual Report and accounts 2016, viewed 11 September 2017 https://www.bhp.com/investor-centre/annual-reporting-2016 Brealey, R, Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brealey, R. A, Myers, S. A Marcus, A. J., 2015. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 8th ed. Australia: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Correia, C, Mayall, P, O'Grady, B Pang, J 2005, Corporate Financial Management, 2nd ed. Perth: Skystone Investments Pty Ltd. Davies, T Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson.. Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no.3, pp. 291-292. Libby, R, Libby, P Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Northington, S 2011, Finance. New York, NY: Ferguson's. Rio Tinto 2016, Rio Tinto Annual Report and accounts 2016, viewed 11 September 2017 https://www.riotinto.com/documents/RT_2016_Annual_report.pdf